# Research notes & sources

Retrieved: **2026-10-17** (Asia/Jerusalem). `data.js` is generated by `/workspace/research/build.py` + `mk.py` from the raw downloads in `/workspace/research/` (World Bank JSON, CCKP JSON, Eurostat JSON, PwC HTML).

Coverage: **33 destination countries**, **36 origin countries** (all destinations plus Israel, Russia, India), **96 cities**.

## Country-level sources
- **Price level (USA=100)** – derived: World Bank WDI `PA.NUS.PRVT.PP` ÷ `PA.NUS.FCRF` × 100, data year 2025 (CC BY 4.0).
- **Exchange rate** – World Bank `PA.NUS.FCRF`, 2025 annual average (the ECB feed was unreachable from the box).
- **Top personal income tax rate** – PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries quick chart, each country's 'last reviewed' date: https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/quick-charts/personal-income-tax-pit-rates . UAE: PwC lists 'NA' → stored as null with that note. Russia is not listed → null. Switzerland: federal 11.5% stored, with the 21.9–43.2% overall cantonal range as a note.
- **Safety** – UNODC homicides per 100k via World Bank `VC.IHR.PSRC.P5`, latest available year.
- **Climate** – World Bank CCKP, CRU TS4.08 annual mean temperature 1991–2020 (national).
- **Education** – World Bank HCI Harmonized Test Scores `HD.HCI.HLOS` (2020).
- **EU membership** – european-union.europa.eu country pages.
- **Visa** – official government immigration sites only (below). Costa Rica (migracion.go.cr was blocked) and Vietnam (evisa.gov.vn didn't respond) → no verified source → null.
- **Country & currency names** come from the browser's `Intl` APIs; they're display labels, not data.

## City-level sources
- **City population** – Eurostat Urban Audit `urb_cpop1` (population on 1 January, latest year since 2015 per city): https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_cpop1/default/table . Covers EU, CH and UK (UK data ends 2018). Some cities have no value since 2015 (e.g. Athens, Vienna) → null.
- Cities outside Eurostat coverage (USA, Canada, Australia, Asia, Latin America, Middle East) have **no verified city data**; the UI shows country values labelled 'national figure'.
- City scoring: country score × 0.85 + 15 if the city size (from verified population: ≥1M big, 200k–1M mid) matches the user's preference, + 0 if not, + 7.5 (neutral) if population is unverified.

## Not verified (null)
- Rent, community, public transport, direct flights, healthcare rating, school types; city climate/cost; tax for Russia and UAE (numeric).

## Country values
| ISO | Price level | Top PIT % | Homicide/100k | Temp °C | Test score | LCU/USD | Visa source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PRT | 64.9 (2025) | 48 (24 July 2026) | 0.72 (2022) | 15.9 (1991–2020) | 508.5 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [AIMA – Agência para a Integração, Migrações e Asilo](https://aima.gov.pt/pt) |
| DEU | 81.2 (2025) | 45 (30 June 2026) | 0.91 (2023) | 9.58 (1991–2020) | 517.3 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Make it in Germany (Federal Government portal)](https://www.make-it-in-germany.com/en/visa-residence) |
| USA | 100.0 (2025) | 37 (04 September 2026) | 5.76 (2023) | 9.47 (1991–2020) | 511.8 (2020) | 1 (2025) | [U.S. Department of State – travel.state.gov](https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas.html) |
| CAN | 90.2 (2025) | 33 (12 June 2026) | 1.98 (2023) | -4.08 (1991–2020) | 534.0 (2020) | 1.3981 (2025) | [IRCC – Canada.ca](https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada.html) |
| CYP | 66.9 (2025) | 35 (04 August 2026) | 0.82 (2023) | 18.79 (1991–2020) | 502.2 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Cyprus Migration Department – gov.cy](https://www.gov.cy/mip-md/en/documents/temporary-residence/) |
| AUS | 94.4 (2025) | 45 (30 June 2026) | 0.85 (2023) | 22.05 (1991–2020) | 515.7 (2020) | 1.552 (2025) | [Australian Department of Home Affairs – Visa finder](https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-finder) |
| THA | 32.3 (2025) | 35 (24 August 2026) | 4.79 (2011) | 26.86 (1991–2020) | 426.6 (2020) | 32.8828 (2025) | [Thailand Electronic Visa – MFA](https://www.thaievisa.go.th/) |
| URY | 72.5 (2025) | 36 (02 September 2026) | 11.25 (2023) | 18.01 (1991–2020) | 437.7 (2020) | 41.191 (2025) | [Dirección Nacional de Migración – gub.uy](https://www.gub.uy/tramites/residencia-legal/) |
| GBR | 92.4 (2025) | 45 (23 July 2026) | 1.12 (2021) | 9.28 (1991–2020) | 520.4 (2020) | 0.7595 (2025) | [GOV.UK – Visas and immigration](https://www.gov.uk/browse/visas-immigration) |
| FRA | 82.8 (2025) | 45 (24 April 2026) | 1.34 (2023) | 11.66 (1991–2020) | 510.3 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [France-Visas (official)](https://france-visas.gouv.fr/) |
| ESP | 68.7 (2025) | 47 (30 June 2026) | 0.69 (2023) | 14.04 (1991–2020) | 506.6 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Ministerio de Inclusión – Vivir en España](https://inclusion.gob.es/web/migraciones/vivir-en-espana) |
| ITA | 72.9 (2025) | 43 (13 July 2026) | 0.57 (2023) | 13.26 (1991–2020) | 493.0 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Visto per l'Italia – MAECI](https://vistoperitalia.esteri.it/) |
| GRC | 65.5 (2025) | 44 (08 September 2026) | 0.84 (2023) | 14.34 (1991–2020) | 468.6 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Ministry of Migration and Asylum](https://migration.gov.gr/en/) |
| NLD | 86.7 (2025) | 49.5 (29 May 2026) | 0.69 (2023) | 10.48 (1991–2020) | 519.6 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [IND – Immigration and Naturalisation Service](https://ind.nl/en) |
| AUT | 84.8 (2025) | 55 (23 July 2026) | 0.88 (2023) | 7.45 (1991–2020) | 507.6 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Migration Platform of the Austrian Federal Government](https://www.migration.gv.at/en/) |
| CHE | 128.2 (2025) | 11.5 (01 July 2026) | 0.6 (2023) | 6.52 (1991–2020) | 515.1 (2020) | 0.8314 (2025) | [State Secretariat for Migration (SEM)](https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home.html) |
| CZE | 67.0 (2025) | 23 (27 July 2026) | 0.77 (2023) | 8.62 (1991–2020) | 512.2 (2020) | 21.882 (2025) | [Ministry of the Interior – ipc.gov.cz](https://ipc.gov.cz/en/) |
| HUN | 57.9 (2025) | 15 (01 July 2026) | 0.72 (2023) | 11.54 (1991–2020) | 495.5 (2020) | 353.14 (2025) | [National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing (OIF)](https://oif.gov.hu/) |
| POL | 54.9 (2025) | 32 (11 August 2026) | 0.8 (2023) | 8.8 (1991–2020) | 530.1 (2020) | 3.7605 (2025) | [Office for Foreigners (UDSC) – gov.pl](https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en) |
| IRL | 102.1 (2025) | 40 (11 August 2026) | 0.65 (2023) | 9.82 (1991–2020) | 521.3 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Immigration Service Delivery Ireland](https://www.irishimmigration.ie/) |
| MLT | 69.0 (2025) | 35 (30 September 2026) | 0.56 (2023) | 19.55 (1991–2020) | 474.4 (2020) | 0.885 (2025) | [Identità (Malta)](https://identita.gov.mt/) |
| GEO | 39.7 (2025) | 20 (02 September 2026) | 2.03 (2019) | 9.05 (1991–2020) | 399.8 (2020) | 2.7426 (2025) | [Georgia e-Visa portal (MFA)](https://www.evisa.gov.ge/GeoVisa/) |
| ARE | 68.8 (2025) | null | 0.69 (2022) | 28.27 (1991–2020) | 448.0 (2020) | 3.6725 (2025) | [UAE Government portal – Visa and Emirates ID](https://u.ae/en/information-and-services/visa-and-emirates-id) |
| MEX | 58.8 (2025) | 35 (06 August 2026) | 24.86 (2023) | 21.4 (1991–2020) | 430.1 (2020) | 19.2375 (2025) | [Instituto Nacional de Migración – gob.mx](https://www.gob.mx/inm) |
| CRI | 62.5 (2025) | 25 (30 June 2026) | 17.75 (2023) | 24.82 (1991–2020) | 428.6 (2020) | 503.4968 (2025) | null |
| PAN | 49.7 (2025) | 25 (04 August 2026) | 11.71 (2023) | 25.6 (1991–2020) | 376.9 (2020) | 1 (2025) | [Servicio Nacional de Migración – Panamá](https://www.migracion.gob.pa/) |
| ARG | 3.5 (2021) | 35 (16 June 2026) | 4.49 (2023) | 15.15 (1991–2020) | 408.2 (2020) | 1240.8512 (2025) | [Dirección Nacional de Migraciones – argentina.gob.ar](https://www.argentina.gob.ar/interior/migraciones) |
| BRA | 46.2 (2025) | 27.5 (23 September 2026) | 19.28 (2023) | 25.46 (1991–2020) | 413.2 (2020) | 5.5873 (2025) | [Ministério das Relações Exteriores – gov.br](https://www.gov.br/mre/pt-br/assuntos/portal-consular/vistos/quadro-geral-de-regime-de-vistos-para-entrada-de-estrangeiros-no-brasil) |
| NZL | 88.9 (2025) | 39 (06 July 2026) | 1.46 (2022) | 10.46 (1991–2020) | 519.7 (2020) | 1.7201 (2025) | [Immigration New Zealand](https://www.immigration.govt.nz/) |
| JPN | 69.0 (2025) | 45 (07 August 2026) | 0.23 (2023) | 11.81 (1991–2020) | 537.7 (2020) | 149.6579 (2025) | [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan – VISA](https://www.mofa.go.jp/j_info/visit/visa/index.html) |
| SGP | 78.3 (2025) | 24 (02 July 2026) | 0.07 (2023) | 27.75 (1991–2020) | 575.3 (2020) | 1.3075 (2025) | [Ministry of Manpower – Work passes](https://www.mom.gov.sg/passes-and-permits) |
| VNM | 29.8 (2025) | 35 (23 September 2026) | 1.54 (2011) | 24.75 (1991–2020) | 519.1 (2020) | 24164.8858 (2024) | null |
| PHL | 35.7 (2025) | 35 (01 August 2026) | 4.35 (2023) | 26.29 (1991–2020) | 361.6 (2020) | 57.5051 (2025) | [Bureau of Immigration Philippines](https://immigration.gov.ph/) |
| ISR | 105.9 (2025) | 50 (29 June 2026) | 1.63 (2022) | 20.02 (1991–2020) | 480.8 (2020) | 3.4519 (2025) | (origin only) |
| RUS | 36.8 (2025) | null | 6.77 (2021) | -3.81 (1991–2020) | 497.5 (2020) | 83.6525 (2025) | (origin only) |
| IND | 22.8 (2025) | 39 (11 May 2026) | 2.82 (2022) | 24.91 (1991–2020) | 399 (2020) | 87.1584 (2025) | (origin only) |

## Cities
| Country | City | Population (year) | Eurostat code |
|---|---|---|---|
| pt | Lisbon | 1965363 (2025) | Lisboa (greater city) |
| pt | Porto | 1017569 (2025) | Porto (greater city) |
| pt | Braga | 203519 (2025) | Braga (greater city) |
| de | Berlin | 3685265 (2025) | Berlin |
| de | Munich | 1505005 (2025) | München |
| de | Frankfurt | 756021 (2025) | Frankfurt am Main |
| us | New York | null | — |
| us | Los Angeles | null | — |
| us | Miami | null | — |
| ca | Toronto | null | — |
| ca | Montreal | null | — |
| ca | Vancouver | null | — |
| cy | Nicosia | 241400 (2016) | Lefkosia (greater city) |
| cy | Limassol | null | — |
| cy | Larnaca | null | — |
| au | Sydney | null | — |
| au | Melbourne | null | — |
| au | Brisbane | null | — |
| th | Bangkok | null | — |
| th | Chiang Mai | null | — |
| th | Phuket | null | — |
| uy | Montevideo | null | — |
| uy | Punta del Este | null | — |
| uy | Colonia del Sacramento | null | — |
| gb | London | 8866541 (2018) | London |
| gb | Manchester | 546564 (2018) | Manchester |
| gb | Edinburgh | 515855 (2018) | Edinburgh |
| fr | Paris | 10159710 (2023) | Paris (greater city) |
| fr | Lyon | 1229077 (2023) | Lyon (greater city) |
| fr | Marseille | 973249 (2023) | Marseille (greater city) |
| es | Madrid | 4501429 (2024) | Madrid (greater city) |
| es | Barcelona | 2658830 (2024) | Barcelona (greater city) |
| es | Valencia | 1474632 (2024) | Valencia (greater city) |
| it | Rome | 2747290 (2025) | Roma |
| it | Milan | 3565055 (2025) | Milano (greater city) |
| it | Turin | 853196 (2025) | Torino |
| gr | Athens | null | — |
| gr | Thessaloniki | null | — |
| gr | Patras | null | — |
| nl | Amsterdam | 1073736 (2024) | Amsterdam (greater city) |
| nl | Rotterdam | 1274944 (2024) | Rotterdam (greater city) |
| nl | The Hague | 813669 (2024) | 's-Gravenhage (greater city) |
| at | Vienna | null | — |
| at | Graz | null | — |
| at | Salzburg | null | — |
| ch | Zurich | 725893 (2025) | Zurich (greater city) |
| ch | Geneva | 437406 (2025) | Geneva (greater city) |
| ch | Basel | 355946 (2025) | Basel (greater city) |
| cz | Prague | 1275406 (2022) | Praha |
| cz | Brno | 379466 (2022) | Brno |
| cz | Ostrava | 279791 (2022) | Ostrava |
| hu | Budapest | 1686222 (2024) | Budapest (greater city) |
| hu | Debrecen | 201704 (2024) | Debrecen |
| hu | Szeged | 157930 (2024) | Szeged |
| pl | Warsaw | 1863845 (2024) | Warszawa |
| pl | Kraków | 809168 (2024) | Kraków |
| pl | Wrocław | 672882 (2024) | Wrocław |
| ie | Dublin | 1325700 (2016) | Dublin (greater city) |
| ie | Cork | null | — |
| ie | Galway | null | — |
| mt | Valletta | 466066 (2024) | Greater Valletta |
| mt | Sliema | null | — |
| ge | Tbilisi | null | — |
| ge | Batumi | null | — |
| ge | Kutaisi | null | — |
| ae | Dubai | null | — |
| ae | Abu Dhabi | null | — |
| ae | Sharjah | null | — |
| mx | Mexico City | null | — |
| mx | Guadalajara | null | — |
| mx | Monterrey | null | — |
| cr | San José | null | — |
| cr | Heredia | null | — |
| cr | Alajuela | null | — |
| pa | Panama City | null | — |
| pa | David | null | — |
| pa | Boquete | null | — |
| ar | Buenos Aires | null | — |
| ar | Córdoba | null | — |
| ar | Mendoza | null | — |
| br | São Paulo | null | — |
| br | Rio de Janeiro | null | — |
| br | Florianópolis | null | — |
| nz | Auckland | null | — |
| nz | Wellington | null | — |
| nz | Christchurch | null | — |
| jp | Tokyo | null | — |
| jp | Osaka | null | — |
| jp | Fukuoka | null | — |
| sg | Singapore | null | — |
| vn | Ho Chi Minh City | null | — |
| vn | Hanoi | null | — |
| vn | Da Nang | null | — |
| ph | Manila | null | — |
| ph | Cebu City | null | — |
| ph | Davao City | null | — |

## Caveats
- Top marginal rates ≠ effective tax. National averages hide regional variation.
- City names in French/Spanish fall back to English/local names (he/en/ru provided).
- The calculator uses user-entered salary/tax/rent; only the price-level adjustment and FX come from data.

## Rent (added 2026-10-17)
See `rent-sources.md`. Used: ONS PIPR (OGL v3.0) for the UK, London, Manchester and Lothian (Edinburgh); Eurostat Urban Audit urb_clivcon SA1049V for 16 cities. All other rent values are null.


## US median gross rent – U.S. Census Bureau ACS (added 2026-10-17)
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey. Public domain. 2024 ACS 1-Year Estimates, table B25064, variable B25064_001E (median gross rent = contract rent + utilities and fuels, renter-occupied units paying cash rent), USD/month. Fetched at build time via API key (key NOT stored in site files).

| Area | Geography | Value (USD/mo) | MOE | API (no key) | Table |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | nation (us:1) | 1,487 | ±3 | https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs1?get=NAME,B25064_001E,B25064_001M&for=us:1 | https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B25064?g=010XX00US |
| New York | place: New York city, NY (36/51000) | 1,811 | ±12 | https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs1?get=NAME,B25064_001E,B25064_001M&for=place:51000&in=state:36 | https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B25064?g=160XX00US3651000 |
| Los Angeles | place: Los Angeles city, CA (06/44000) | 1,958 | ±21 | https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs1?get=NAME,B25064_001E,B25064_001M&for=place:44000&in=state:06 | https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B25064?g=160XX00US0644000 |
| Miami | place: Miami city, FL (12/45000) | 1,975 | ±67 | https://api.census.gov/data/2024/acs/acs1?get=NAME,B25064_001E,B25064_001M&for=place:45000&in=state:12 | https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B25064?g=160XX00US1245000 |

Note: city proper (Census place), not metro area. Includes utilities, so not directly comparable to ONS (private rent) or Eurostat (per m²) figures.

## World coverage build (2026-10-17) – `world.json`, script `/workspace/research/world.py`
Data moved from data.js into `world.json` (~260 KB, fetched lazily; data.js holds helpers + loader). 217 countries/territories (all World Bank economies incl. Kosovo, Puerto Rico, Hong Kong, Macao etc. + Taiwan), every one usable as destination and origin. Existing hand-verified entries (36) kept unchanged.

| Field | Source (bulk) | URL | Countries with value (of 217) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Price level (USA=100) | World Bank WDI PA.NUS.PRVT.PP ÷ PA.NUS.FCRF, most recent value | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/PA.NUS.PRVT.PP?format=json&mrnev=1 | 207 |
| Official FX (LCU per USD) | World Bank WDI PA.NUS.FCRF | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?format=json&mrnev=1 | 213 (others shown in USD with a note) |
| Homicide /100k | UNODC via World Bank VC.IHR.PSRC.P5 | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5?format=json&mrnev=1 | 195 |
| Harmonized test score | World Bank HCI HD.HCI.HLOS (2020) | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/HD.HCI.HLOS?format=json&mrnev=1 | 172 |
| Population | World Bank SP.POP.TOTL | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?format=json&mrnev=1 | 216 |
| Mean annual temp 1991–2020 | World Bank CCKP CRU TS4.08 | https://cckpapi.worldbank.org/cckp/v1/cru-x0.5_climatology_tas_climatology_annual_1991-2020_mean_historical_cru_ts4.08_mean/{ISO3,...}?_format=json | 216 |
| Top PIT rate | PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries quick chart (map data in the page already fetched); only plain single-number headline rates (optionally "plus …" note) taken automatically; multi-rate/complex text → null with the PwC text as note | https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/quick-charts/personal-income-tax-pit-rates | 109 (PwC lists 140 territories) |
| EU membership | EU official list (27, both pages checked) | https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/eu-countries_en | 217 |
| Visa | Official portals – unchanged (only manually verified) | see above | 31 |
| Rent | Unchanged (ONS, Census ACS, Eurostat city) – no open dataset of monthly rent amounts with global coverage found | – | 2 countries + 22 cities |
| Region | Derived rule: World Bank region (LCN→Latin America, NAC→North America, SSF→Africa, MEA→Middle East [AFG/PAK→Asia]) else GeoNames continent | https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country?format=json&per_page=400 , https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/countryInfo.txt | 217 |

Cities: existing 96 kept; for every other country capital (GeoNames PPLC) + 2 largest populated places (PPLX excluded) from GeoNames cities15000 (dump of 2026-10-17, **CC BY 4.0 – © GeoNames, https://www.geonames.org**). Population as in the dump (date = row modification date). City names English only (fallback in all languages). Other city fields inherit the national value, labelled "national figure". Total 579 cities.

Scoring: missing criteria excluded; per-destination data completeness = share of [price level, tax, homicide, temperature, test score, rent, visa] with a verified value; final score = raw × (0.6 + 0.4 × completeness), shown with explanation on the card. Community/health/transit/direct flights are not collected for any country and are not counted.

## Safety: political stability (added 2026-10-17)
- Source: World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators – Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, governance score 0–100 (indicator GOV_WGI_PV.SC, 2025 edition, CC BY 4.0). Bulk: https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/all/indicator/GOV_WGI_PV.SC?format=json&mrnev=1 (per-country URL stored with each value). 208 of 217 countries have a value. (The legacy PV.PER.RNK percentile indicator is archived in the API.)
- Site rule (not external data): homicide component = safetyOf(homicide)/5 (<1→1.0, <2→0.8, <5→0.6, <10→0.4, else 0.2); stability component = clamp((score−25)/60, 0, 1); **safety = min of the available components** ("weakest link"); weight = importance × 4. If stability score < 40, the final score is also multiplied by 0.7 (explained on the card). Stability counts toward data completeness (8 fields now).
- Official "do not travel" lists: skipped – the official government advisory sites tried earlier (e.g. travel.state.gov) block automated fetches (403), so no verifiable list.
- Icons: favicon.svg / favicon-32.png / favicon.ico / apple-touch-icon.png / icon-192/512.png – original artwork made for this site.

## Restored questionnaire factors (added 2026-10-18; all accessed 2026-10-18)
Rule tables are in `rules.js`. Language data was added to `world.json` by `/workspace/research/restored/add_langs.py`. Anything not listed here is shown as "אין נתון מאומת" and is not scored.

| Factor | Source | URL | License / note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken languages (217 countries) | GeoNames countryInfo.txt, "Languages" column | https://download.geonames.org/export/dump/countryInfo.txt | CC BY 4.0. Includes minority languages; the first entry is treated as principal |
| Official languages (194 countries) | Wikidata P37 → P218 (ISO 639-1), instances of Q6256 | https://query.wikidata.org/ | CC0. Has known noise (e.g. US lists territorial languages), so it is used only to mark a language as "principal" |
| EU/EEA/CH free movement | European Commission – Free movement of EU nationals | https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies-and-activities/moving-working-europe/working-another-eu-country/free-movement-eu-nationals_en | Liechtenstein applies quotas |
| Switzerland free movement | SEM – FZA Switzerland–EU/EFTA | https://www.sem.admin.ch/sem/en/home/themen/fza_schweiz-eu-efta.html | |
| EU citizens' family members | Directive 2004/38/EC | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2004/38/oj | Spouse; registered partner where the host state treats it as equivalent to marriage |
| Canada age points | IRCC – Express Entry CRS criteria (age table, with/without spouse) | https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/immigrate-canada/express-entry/check-score/crs-criteria.html | Table copied exactly |
| Canada IEC | IRCC – International Experience Canada | https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/work-canada/iec.html | 18–35 (18–29/30 for some countries); partner countries only (Israel not listed). Not scored |
| NZ Skilled Migrant | Immigration NZ – SMC Resident Visa | https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas/visas/visa/skilled-migrant-category-resident-visa | "aged 55 or younger" |
| Australia Working Holiday | Home Affairs – subclass 417 / 462 | https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/visas/getting-a-visa/visa-listing/work-holiday-417 · …/work-holiday-462 | 417: 18–30 (35 for some countries); 462: 18–30. Passport-dependent, so not scored |
| Couple taxation | PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries – Taxes on personal income (US, FR, DE, PT, CH) | https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/{country}/individual/taxes-on-personal-income | Only countries whose page states joint filing or splitting. All others: no verified data (no "individual-only" assumption) |
| Household size | Eurostat glossary – modified OECD scale (1 / 0.5 / 0.3) | https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Equivalised_disposable_income | Shown in the report only, not scored |
| Pets – EU | European Commission – Bringing a pet into the EU from a non-EU country | https://food.ec.europa.eu/animals/live-animal-movements/dogs-cats-and-ferrets/bringing-pet-eu-non-eu-country_en | Applied to EU member states |
| Pets – Great Britain | GOV.UK – Bring your pet to Great Britain | https://www.gov.uk/bring-pet-to-great-britain | |
| Pets – USA | CDC – dog importation rule (1 Aug 2024) | https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2024/s0508-dog-importation-regulation.html | Dogs only |
| Pets – Australia | DAFF – Cats and dogs FAQ | https://www.agriculture.gov.au/biosecurity-trade/cats-dogs/frequently-asked-questions | Post-entry quarantine of at least 10 days (30 without identity check) |
| Pets – New Zealand | MPI – Quarantine facilities | https://www.mpi.govt.nz/bring-send-to-nz/pets-travelling-to-nz/bringing-cats-and-dogs-to-nz/quarantine-facilities-and-importing-cats-and-dogs | At least 10 days (except from Australia) |
| Pets – Japan | MAFF AQS – non-designated regions | https://www.maff.go.jp/aqs/english/animal/dog/import-other.html | 180-day wait after the antibody test |
| Pets – Canada | CFIA – Importing dogs | https://inspection.canada.ca/en/importing-food-plants-animals/pets/dogs | Qualitative only, not scored |

**Site scoring rules** (these are this site's own rules, not data):
- **Languages** (weight 10): principal language 1; listed language 0.5; none 0.
- **Age:** Canada (weight 6) uses CRS age points ÷ the maximum. NZ (weight 6) scores 1 if age ≤ 55, otherwise 0.
- **Married or common-law** (weight 5): scores 1 only where PwC states joint taxation or splitting; elsewhere it is skipped.
- **Pets** (weight 6): 1 with no mandatory quarantine; 0.4 for 10–89 days; 0 for 90 days or more. Countries without a rule are skipped.
- **Additional citizenship = destination** (weight 15).
- **EU passport or EU second citizenship:** applies to EU/EEA/CH (weight 12).
- **Permanent residence in the destination** (weight 10).
- **Current city:** ±5 on a destination city's score when both have rent data in the same unit. Eurostat values carry a warning that national reporting varies.
- **Not applied:** extra healthcare weighting for ages 60+ isn't applied, because no country has verified healthcare data.